Not yet resident in France, or only here part-time?
RIFT and British in Europe work primarily to secure the rights of British people who have exercised their free movement rights by moving from the UK to one of the EU27 countries to become legally resident there.
British citizens with legal residence in another EU27 country on 31 December 2020 will have their rights covered by the Withdrawal Agreement, assuming that there is a final deal between the UK and the EU. But what of those who currently live between the UK and France, perhaps with a house in both countries? And what of those who are thinking of moving to France but haven't yet done so?
If you fall into one of those categories, read on: on this page we'll tell you as much as is currently known about how you might be impacted by Brexit and what you might be able to do about it.
British citizens with legal residence in another EU27 country on 31 December 2020 will have their rights covered by the Withdrawal Agreement, assuming that there is a final deal between the UK and the EU. But what of those who currently live between the UK and France, perhaps with a house in both countries? And what of those who are thinking of moving to France but haven't yet done so?
If you fall into one of those categories, read on: on this page we'll tell you as much as is currently known about how you might be impacted by Brexit and what you might be able to do about it.
If you currently live in France for part of the year and are still UK resident
Many people, especially those with second homes in France, have been used to coming and going without restriction, often spending 6 months every year in France and 6 months back in the UK, being careful to ensure that they're not out of the UK for more than 183 days a year and therefore keeping their UK residence intact. Except that ...
Free movement doesn't mean free and unrestricted movement
If you're someone who's done this yourself, it might come as a shock to find out that you're quite possibly 'unlawfully resident' in France for several months each year even though you have the right to free movement within the EU: as an EU citizen, you're permitted to spend only 3 consecutive months in another EU country without exercising treaty rights and becoming legally resident.
So if you arrive each year on, say, 1 March, you can stay until the end of May without formality and with just your passport. But from 1 June, if you want to continue staying legally in France you can only do so if you meet certain conditions. You can read about these conditions and what it means to be exercising treaty rights (and therefore being legally resident) on this page: Citizens Rights.
The bottom line is that you've 'got away with it' because France is the only EU27 country not to require EU citizens to report their presence after 3 months in the country - and because there are no real immigration controls at airports or Channel ports.
How will things change after Brexit?
After Brexit, as a British citizen living in the UK you will lose your EU citizenship and with it your right to free movement. You'll become a Third Country National - and you'll be treated no differently from someone arriving from New Zealand, Chile, Morocco or anywhere else in the non-EU world. This will happen from the end of the transition period, 31 December 2020, if an exit deal is agreed. If the UK exits the EU with no deal, it will happen from 29 March 2019.
The precise immigration conditions that will be applied to British citizens wanting to enter the EU will only be agreed as part of the 'future relationship' negotiations, but there is no reason to believe that those conditions will be in any way more favourable than those currently applied to all Third Country Nationals.
As a Third Country National, you will be able to spend 90 days in every 180 days in the Schengen area. So if you arrive at your French house on 1 March, you can stay there until the end of May. Then you must return to the UK for another 3 months before you can travel again, so you would not be able to return before September. And during the 'home' period between June to September, you wouldn't be able to take any short trips to any of the other Schengen countries either, as the 90/180 day rule applies to the entire Schengen area, not just to any one country within it. So no quick Ryanair city breaks in between times!
If you want to stay longer than 3 months, your right to remain would be subject to national immigration rules (as now, but much more strict - see below).
So make no bones about it. Brexit will change the life, and the lifestyle, of anyone with a second home in an EU27 country or who spends more than 3 months at a time in an EU27 country.
But isn't this just a return to how things were before the UK joined the EU? People had second homes in France then!
No. The world is simply not the same as it was in those days. The EU is now much more concerned about the security of its borders, both from an immigration perspective and also from a anti-terrorist point of view. The EU's interest is in protecting itself and its own, and life as a Third Country National - an 'outsider' - is very different from the way things worked in the 1960s and early 1970s, even though it is given legal framework by a number of specific EU Directives.
All British citizens living in the UK and wanting to travel to the Schengen area will need to register under the ETIAS scheme - the European Travel Information and Authorization System. This is a new and completely electronic system, expected to be in place by 2020, which allows and keeps track of visitors from countries who do not need a visa to enter the Schengen Zone. Its prime function is security, but it's also designed to help manage borders and impede irregular immigration. Registration will have to be done online before travel. You can find out more about ETIAS here.
Free movement doesn't mean free and unrestricted movement
If you're someone who's done this yourself, it might come as a shock to find out that you're quite possibly 'unlawfully resident' in France for several months each year even though you have the right to free movement within the EU: as an EU citizen, you're permitted to spend only 3 consecutive months in another EU country without exercising treaty rights and becoming legally resident.
So if you arrive each year on, say, 1 March, you can stay until the end of May without formality and with just your passport. But from 1 June, if you want to continue staying legally in France you can only do so if you meet certain conditions. You can read about these conditions and what it means to be exercising treaty rights (and therefore being legally resident) on this page: Citizens Rights.
The bottom line is that you've 'got away with it' because France is the only EU27 country not to require EU citizens to report their presence after 3 months in the country - and because there are no real immigration controls at airports or Channel ports.
How will things change after Brexit?
After Brexit, as a British citizen living in the UK you will lose your EU citizenship and with it your right to free movement. You'll become a Third Country National - and you'll be treated no differently from someone arriving from New Zealand, Chile, Morocco or anywhere else in the non-EU world. This will happen from the end of the transition period, 31 December 2020, if an exit deal is agreed. If the UK exits the EU with no deal, it will happen from 29 March 2019.
The precise immigration conditions that will be applied to British citizens wanting to enter the EU will only be agreed as part of the 'future relationship' negotiations, but there is no reason to believe that those conditions will be in any way more favourable than those currently applied to all Third Country Nationals.
As a Third Country National, you will be able to spend 90 days in every 180 days in the Schengen area. So if you arrive at your French house on 1 March, you can stay there until the end of May. Then you must return to the UK for another 3 months before you can travel again, so you would not be able to return before September. And during the 'home' period between June to September, you wouldn't be able to take any short trips to any of the other Schengen countries either, as the 90/180 day rule applies to the entire Schengen area, not just to any one country within it. So no quick Ryanair city breaks in between times!
If you want to stay longer than 3 months, your right to remain would be subject to national immigration rules (as now, but much more strict - see below).
So make no bones about it. Brexit will change the life, and the lifestyle, of anyone with a second home in an EU27 country or who spends more than 3 months at a time in an EU27 country.
But isn't this just a return to how things were before the UK joined the EU? People had second homes in France then!
No. The world is simply not the same as it was in those days. The EU is now much more concerned about the security of its borders, both from an immigration perspective and also from a anti-terrorist point of view. The EU's interest is in protecting itself and its own, and life as a Third Country National - an 'outsider' - is very different from the way things worked in the 1960s and early 1970s, even though it is given legal framework by a number of specific EU Directives.
All British citizens living in the UK and wanting to travel to the Schengen area will need to register under the ETIAS scheme - the European Travel Information and Authorization System. This is a new and completely electronic system, expected to be in place by 2020, which allows and keeps track of visitors from countries who do not need a visa to enter the Schengen Zone. Its prime function is security, but it's also designed to help manage borders and impede irregular immigration. Registration will have to be done online before travel. You can find out more about ETIAS here.
What options are available to part-time residents?
If you currently live for part of the year in France but are still resident (for fiscal and all other purposes) in the UK, you basically have some tough choices to make. And just to make things totally clear - you can apply for a Carte de Séjour ONLY if you're exercising treaty rights and are legally resident in France.
Here are your choices.
1. You can remain as a British resident and accept that your visits to France will have to be restricted to 90 days in every 180 days. OR
2. If you want to stay longer than 90 days at a time in France after 31 December 2020, you can go through the immigration process in France. In a nutshell, this is what you'd have to do as a Third Country National:
3. You can consider becoming legally resident in France before the end of transition on 31 December 2020 and therefore having residence and other rights protected under the Withdrawal Agreement. This, of course, only applies if there IS a Withdrawal Agreement - if the UK leaves the EU without a deal then there will be no Withdrawal Agreement and no transition. Please see this page for some information on a no deal scenario.
Becoming resident is a major decision and not one to be taken lightly. In order to become French resident, you must be exercising your treaty rights of free movement. You can do this without having to spend 365 days a year in France - in fact if you spend 183 days a year or more in France you can be legally resident.
But it's not just as simple as the amount of time you spend here - to be exercising your treaty rights and therefore legally resident means that you must shift your entire life to France - where you pay your tax, where you are registered for health care and all the rest. You can't cherry pick here - residence means residence, to paraphrase a well known PM! What you'd be doing is moving everything to France: your fiscal residence, your health care, your home, the centre of your life. If you then want to travel back to the UK, you would do so as a French resident and you'd then have to look at how, as a French resident, you deal with the nuts and bolts of your life in the UK. You'd also have to look at how your residency in France could impact on other issues, such as inheritance, which works very differently in France.
If this is something that you're considering, read carefully through the pages on this site about residence and health care. Start here: Living and Staying in France then follow the links to the more detailed pages.
Here are your choices.
1. You can remain as a British resident and accept that your visits to France will have to be restricted to 90 days in every 180 days. OR
2. If you want to stay longer than 90 days at a time in France after 31 December 2020, you can go through the immigration process in France. In a nutshell, this is what you'd have to do as a Third Country National:
- before you leave the UK you'd need to apply to the French Consulate in the UK for a long stay visa;
- once arrived in France, you would have 2 months to apply for a titre de séjour. If you're retired or otherwise inactive, you apply for a card entitled 'Visitor' which doesn't allow you to work. You'd need to show evidence of 'sufficient and stable resources' - this is higher for Third Country Nationals than for EU citizens and is currently set at the net level of SMIC: 1170,69€ per month, per person. For a visitor's titre de séjour note that you do NOT need to show evidence of health cover, although if after 5 years you want to apply for a Titre de Séjour Longue Durée you would at that point need to do so. The cost of a visitor's titre de séjour is currently 269€ and the card lasts for one year; it's renewable, and to renew you'd need to show the same evidence as for an initial application.
For more details, use this link to take you to the official government web page: https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F302. OR
3. You can consider becoming legally resident in France before the end of transition on 31 December 2020 and therefore having residence and other rights protected under the Withdrawal Agreement. This, of course, only applies if there IS a Withdrawal Agreement - if the UK leaves the EU without a deal then there will be no Withdrawal Agreement and no transition. Please see this page for some information on a no deal scenario.
Becoming resident is a major decision and not one to be taken lightly. In order to become French resident, you must be exercising your treaty rights of free movement. You can do this without having to spend 365 days a year in France - in fact if you spend 183 days a year or more in France you can be legally resident.
But it's not just as simple as the amount of time you spend here - to be exercising your treaty rights and therefore legally resident means that you must shift your entire life to France - where you pay your tax, where you are registered for health care and all the rest. You can't cherry pick here - residence means residence, to paraphrase a well known PM! What you'd be doing is moving everything to France: your fiscal residence, your health care, your home, the centre of your life. If you then want to travel back to the UK, you would do so as a French resident and you'd then have to look at how, as a French resident, you deal with the nuts and bolts of your life in the UK. You'd also have to look at how your residency in France could impact on other issues, such as inheritance, which works very differently in France.
If this is something that you're considering, read carefully through the pages on this site about residence and health care. Start here: Living and Staying in France then follow the links to the more detailed pages.
If you're planning on moving to France permanently in the future
If you already know that you want to move to France in the future, the best advice that we can possibly give you is to do this before the end of transition on 31 December 2020. If you do this, you will benefit from the Withdrawal Agreement - as long as there is one, of course (see here for the no deal scenario); you'll become part of the group whose rights to residence are protected for their lifetimes. But you must make sure that you do it in such a way that you're properly exercising your treaty rights of free movement.
This means that your residence in France would be pretty much on the same terms as it would be if you moved today, or last year, or 10 years ago. If you receive, or will receive in future, a UK state pension you would also benefit from reciprocal health care - although you would register to receive health care through the French system in the same way as a French person, it would be funded by the UK. Once again, you'll find all the information about this on this site. Work your way through it in this order:
If you live as a couple, another possibility would be for one of you to move before 31 December 2020 and establish legal residence in France. Under the Withdrawal Agreement, a spouse or registered partner has the right to join you in future if you are legally resident in France at 31 December 2020 and to benefit from the provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement themselves. So if one of you is retired and the other not, this could get you a foot in the door.
Moving after 31 December 2020
If you move to France after the end of transition you would do so as a Third Country National. Before you leave the UK you'd need to apply to the French Consulate in the UK for a long stay visa; once arrived in France, you would have 2 months to apply for a titre de séjour. The type of titre de séjour depends on your exact situation - there are a lot of them and the requirements for all of them are different! This is the main portal site on the French government website which links to detailed information for each type of card.
If you're retired or otherwise inactive, you would apply for a card entitled 'Visitor' which doesn't allow you to work. You'd need to show evidence of 'sufficient and stable resources' - this is higher for Third Country Nationals than for EU citizens and is currently set at the net level of SMIC: 1170,69€ per month, per person. For a visitor's titre de séjour note that you do NOT need to show evidence of health cover, although if after 5 years you want to apply for a Titre de Séjour Longue Durée you would at that point need to do so. The cost of a visitor's titre de séjour is currently 269€ and the card lasts for one year; it's renewable, and to renew you'd need to show the same evidence as for an initial application.
For more details, use this link to take you to the official government web page: https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F302
This means that your residence in France would be pretty much on the same terms as it would be if you moved today, or last year, or 10 years ago. If you receive, or will receive in future, a UK state pension you would also benefit from reciprocal health care - although you would register to receive health care through the French system in the same way as a French person, it would be funded by the UK. Once again, you'll find all the information about this on this site. Work your way through it in this order:
- Read up on what exercising treaty rights means and what you have to do to be legally resident.
- Read up on what is covered in the Withdrawal Agreement.
- Read the introduction page to Living and Staying in France then follow the links to the more detailed pages on residence / cartes de séjour and health care that follow.
If you live as a couple, another possibility would be for one of you to move before 31 December 2020 and establish legal residence in France. Under the Withdrawal Agreement, a spouse or registered partner has the right to join you in future if you are legally resident in France at 31 December 2020 and to benefit from the provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement themselves. So if one of you is retired and the other not, this could get you a foot in the door.
Moving after 31 December 2020
If you move to France after the end of transition you would do so as a Third Country National. Before you leave the UK you'd need to apply to the French Consulate in the UK for a long stay visa; once arrived in France, you would have 2 months to apply for a titre de séjour. The type of titre de séjour depends on your exact situation - there are a lot of them and the requirements for all of them are different! This is the main portal site on the French government website which links to detailed information for each type of card.
If you're retired or otherwise inactive, you would apply for a card entitled 'Visitor' which doesn't allow you to work. You'd need to show evidence of 'sufficient and stable resources' - this is higher for Third Country Nationals than for EU citizens and is currently set at the net level of SMIC: 1170,69€ per month, per person. For a visitor's titre de séjour note that you do NOT need to show evidence of health cover, although if after 5 years you want to apply for a Titre de Séjour Longue Durée you would at that point need to do so. The cost of a visitor's titre de séjour is currently 269€ and the card lasts for one year; it's renewable, and to renew you'd need to show the same evidence as for an initial application.
For more details, use this link to take you to the official government web page: https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F302